Summary

Three testing levels catch different problems: unit tests (individual tool handlers), in-memory integration tests (full protocol stack), and Inspector (interactive debugging). The createServer() factory enables testing without network I/O, ports, or process management. Tests use in-memory transport and can exercise servers synchronously.

Level 1: Unit tests for tool registration and handlers
Level 2: In-memory integration tests via InMemoryTransport
Level 3: Interactive MCP Inspector for debugging
createServer() factory enables testing without network
Mock external dependencies; use in-memory databases
Test invalid inputs, edge cases, and error paths

Testing an MCP server has three distinct levels: unit tests for individual tool handlers, in-memory integration tests that exercise the full protocol stack, and interactive inspection via the MCP Inspector. Each level catches different classes of problems - none of them is sufficient on its own.

Why the createServer() Factory Matters for Testing

The createServer() factory pattern described in Server Architecture exists primarily to enable testing. A server that starts a network listener in its constructor cannot be tested without ports, process management, and timing concerns. A factory function that returns a configured McpServer can be connected to an InMemoryTransport in a test and exercised synchronously.

Current 2026-07-28 behavior: the initialize handshake this page's client.connect() calls perform is removed. Capabilities move from a one-time connect-time negotiation to _meta on every request, so a Level 2 test asserting on the connect response is asserting on a step the wire protocol no longer has. The code below is the 2025-11-25 shape, which the still supports; see Server Architecture for what changes under 2026-07-28 and update these tests when your SDK version does.

// src/server.ts - the pattern that enables testing
export function createServer(config: ServerConfig): McpServer {
  const server = new McpServer({ name: "billing-mcp", version: "1.0.0" });
  registerCreateInvoice(server, config);
  registerListInvoices(server, config);
  registerVoidInvoice(server, config);
  return server;
}

Every test calls createServer() with a test configuration - an in-memory database URL, a mock key, reduced limits. No subprocesses, no ports, no cleanup between tests beyond what the test framework provides.

Level 1: Unit Tests

Unit tests cover individual tool registration functions. They verify that the schema validates correctly, that the handler returns expected output for valid inputs, and that it returns isError: true for invalid domain conditions.

// src/tools/create-invoice.test.ts
import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach, vi } from "vitest";
import { McpServer } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/mcp.js";
import { registerCreateInvoice } from "./create-invoice.js";
import * as db from "../db.js";

vi.mock("../db.js");

describe("billing_create_invoice", () => {
  let server: McpServer;

  beforeEach(() => {
    server = new McpServer({ name: "test", version: "0.0.0" });
    registerCreateInvoice(server, {
      stripeApiKey: "sk_test_key",
      databaseUrl: ":memory:",
    });
  });

  it("returns isError when customer does not exist", async () => {
    vi.mocked(db.customers.findById).mockResolvedValue(null);

    const result = await callTool(server, "billing_create_invoice", {
      customer_id: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001",
      amount_cents: 5000,
      currency: "usd",
      due_date: "2025-12-31",
    });

    expect(result.isError).toBe(true);
    expect(result.content[0].text).toContain("not found");
    expect(result.content[0].text).toContain("billing_list_customers");
  });

  it("rejects invalid amount_cents", async () => {
    const result = await callTool(server, "billing_create_invoice", {
      customer_id: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001",
      amount_cents: -100, // negative
      currency: "usd",
      due_date: "2025-12-31",
    });

    expect(result.isError).toBe(true);
  });
});

// Helper - exercise the tool handler without a transport
async function callTool(server: McpServer, toolName: string, params: Record<string, unknown>) {
  const tool = (server as any)._registeredTools.get(toolName);
  if (!tool) throw new Error(`Tool not registered: ${toolName}`);
  return tool.handler(params, {});
}

Level 2: In-Memory Integration Tests

Integration tests exercise the full MCP protocol stack using InMemoryTransport.createLinkedPair(). The client and server communicate via the MCP JSON-RPC protocol over an in-memory channel - the same code paths that run in production, without any network.

// src/server.integration.test.ts
import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach, afterEach } from "vitest";
import { Client } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/index.js";
import { InMemoryTransport } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/inMemory.js";
import { createServer } from "./server.js";

describe("billing-mcp integration", () => {
  let client: Client;
  let cleanup: () => Promise<void>;

  beforeEach(async () => {
    const server = createServer({
      stripeApiKey: "sk_test_key",
      databaseUrl: ":memory:",
      maxInvoicesPerPage: 10,
    });

    const [clientTransport, serverTransport] =
      InMemoryTransport.createLinkedPair();

    client = new Client(
      { name: "test-client", version: "1.0.0" },
      { capabilities: {} }
    );

    await server.connect(serverTransport);
    await client.connect(clientTransport);

    cleanup = async () => {
      await client.close();
    };
  });

  afterEach(async () => {
    await cleanup();
  });

  it("lists all registered tools", async () => {
    const { tools } = await client.listTools();

    const toolNames = tools.map((t) => t.name);
    expect(toolNames).toContain("billing_create_invoice");
    expect(toolNames).toContain("billing_list_invoices");
    expect(toolNames).toContain("billing_void_invoice");
  });

  it("returns tool descriptions", async () => {
    const { tools } = await client.listTools();

    const createTool = tools.find((t) => t.name === "billing_create_invoice");
    expect(createTool?.description).toBeTruthy();
    expect(createTool?.description?.length).toBeGreaterThan(50);
  });

  it("validates required fields on billing_create_invoice", async () => {
    const result = await client.callTool({
      name: "billing_create_invoice",
      arguments: {
        // Missing required fields: amount_cents, currency, due_date
        customer_id: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001",
      },
    });

    expect(result.isError).toBe(true);
  });

  it("returns isError for non-existent customer", async () => {
    const result = await client.callTool({
      name: "billing_create_invoice",
      arguments: {
        customer_id: "00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000099",
        amount_cents: 5000,
        currency: "usd",
        due_date: "2025-12-31",
      },
    });

    expect(result.isError).toBe(true);
    const message = (result.content as Array<{ text: string }>)[0]?.text;
    expect(message).toMatch(/not found/i);
  });

  it("creates an invoice successfully", async () => {
    // Seed a customer first
    await db.customers.create({ id: TEST_CUSTOMER_ID, ... });

    const result = await client.callTool({
      name: "billing_create_invoice",
      arguments: {
        customer_id: TEST_CUSTOMER_ID,
        amount_cents: 5000,
        currency: "usd",
        due_date: "2025-12-31",
      },
    });

    expect(result.isError).toBeFalsy();
    const data = JSON.parse(
      (result.content as Array<{ text: string }>)[0].text
    );
    expect(data.invoice_id).toMatch(
      /^[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}$/
    );
    expect(data.status).toBe("draft");
  });

  it("lists resources", async () => {
    const { resources } = await client.listResources();
    const uris = resources.map((r) => r.uri);
    expect(uris).toContain("billing://schemas/invoice");
  });

  it("reads the invoice schema resource", async () => {
    const result = await client.readResource({
      uri: "billing://schemas/invoice",
    });

    expect(result.contents).toHaveLength(1);
    const schema = JSON.parse(result.contents[0].text as string);
    expect(schema.$schema).toBeTruthy();
    expect(schema.properties).toHaveProperty("id");
  });
});

The InMemoryTransport.createLinkedPair() call returns two transport objects that are wired together. Anything written to one appears on the other. There are no async I/O operations - the transport is synchronous in memory. Tests run at the full speed of the JavaScript runtime.

Testing Approach Matrix

Scenario	Level	Tool
Schema validation rejects bad input	Unit	Direct handler call
isError returned for domain errors	Unit	Direct handler call
All tools are registered	Integration	`client.listTools()`
Tool descriptions are non-empty	Integration	`client.listTools()`
Full happy path creates correct output	Integration	`client.callTool()`
Resources are readable	Integration	`client.readResource()`
Prompts return expected messages	Integration	`client.getPrompt()`
Human-friendly interactive testing	Interactive	MCP Inspector
Authentication is enforced	Integration	Custom auth middleware test

MCP Inspector

The MCP Inspector is an interactive browser-based tool for exploring and testing MCP servers. It connects to a running server and lets you browse tools, call them with custom arguments, inspect responses, and debug protocol messages.

Launch against a local stdio server:

npx @modelcontextprotocol/inspector node dist/cli.js

Launch against an HTTP server:

npx @modelcontextprotocol/inspector --server-url http://localhost:3000/mcp --transport http

With debug logging enabled:

MCP_INSPECTOR_LOG_LEVEL=debug npx @modelcontextprotocol/inspector node dist/cli.js

By default, the Inspector's web UI opens on port 6274. If that port is in use, set CLIENT_PORT:

CLIENT_PORT=6275 npx @modelcontextprotocol/inspector node dist/cli.js

Inspector features:

Browse the full tool list with names, descriptions, and input schemas
Fill in tool arguments using a generated form UI
Call tools and inspect the raw MCP response, including isError state
Browse resources and read their content
List and preview prompt templates
View the raw JSON-RPC message log for debugging protocol issues
Inspect capabilities carried in _meta on requests and, where the server implements it, the optional server/discover response

Use the Inspector for exploratory testing, verifying that descriptions read well, and debugging tool failures before writing regression tests. It is not a substitute for automated tests - errors you find in the Inspector should become test cases.

The Inspector connects using the same MCP client library used by Claude Desktop and other MCP clients. If something works in the Inspector but fails in your actual agent client, the issue is in the client configuration or authentication layer, not the server implementation.

Vitest Configuration

// vitest.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from "vitest/config";

export default defineConfig({
  test: {
    globals: true,
    environment: "node",
    coverage: {
      provider: "v8",
      reporter: ["text", "lcov"],
      include: ["src/tools/**", "src/resources/**", "src/prompts/**"],
      thresholds: {
        lines: 80,
        functions: 80,
        branches: 70,
      },
    },
  },
});

Coverage thresholds on the tools/, resources/, and prompts/ directories enforce that the core server logic is tested. The server factory (server.ts) and entry point (cli.ts) are integration-tested via the in-memory tests rather than unit-tested directly.

Testing MCP Servers